Other Types of Source: Electronic resources

Q1) How do I reference an e-mail from a discussion list?
Q2) How do I reference a personal e-mail?
Q3) How do I reference an article from a journal held in a database on CD-ROM, where the CD-ROM is regularly updated?
Q4) How do I reference an article from an online-only journal, retrieved in HTML or PDF formats?
Q5) How do I reference a copy of an article from a printed journal which I accessed online as a PDF file?
Other Electronic Resources

Q1) How do I reference an e-mail from a discussion list?

(top)

Format: Author, year, Subject line of message (day month) Name of discussion list [Internet]. Retrieved, day month year from URL.

Example:

Martindale , C., 2002, Pre and post assessment of information literacy (9 July), AliaInfolit [Internet]. Retrieved 16 Nov 2005 from www.aliainfolit@lists.alia.org.au

Q2) How do I reference a personal e-mail?

(top)

Format: A personal email is not referenced in the References section unless it is archived and can be readily retrieved, just like emails to a discussion list, in which case follow the format of the previous question. Where a personal email cannot readily be retrieved, it should only be cited in-text. Note: You must not quote someone's email address without permission.

Examples:

C Martindale, a librarian at the University of Derby with a strong interest in developing resources to help students understand the dangers of plagiarism, has commented on his experiences in combating plagiarism in a personal email to me (30 January 2003), "quotation, quotation, quotation ... "

The chief executive confirmed an extensive outbreak of MRSA in the hospital in June of that year  (J. Smith, 23 June 2003, personal email to the author).

Q3) How do I reference an article from a journal held in a database on CD-ROM, where the CD-ROM is regularly updated?

(top)

Format: Name, Year, Title of item, Title of journal, vol., no., pp.. Retrieved day month year from Title of Database (CD-ROM edition no. or date of issue). Place: Publisher.

Example:

Gore, E.W., 1999, Organizational culture, TQM, and business process reengineering, Team Performance Management, Vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 164-170. Retrieved 1/12/05 from Emerald (CD-ROM Disk 1 Archive to Sept 2000). Bradford: MCB.

Q4) How do I reference an article from an online-only journal, retrieved in HTML or PDF formats?

Format: Author, Year, Title of article, Title of Journal [Internet], vol., no., pp.. Available from: URL, (Accessed: day month year)

(top)

Note: If there are no page numbers, count the number of paragraphs from the previous subheading.

Example:

Luck, M. & Laurence, G.M., 2005, Innovative teaching: sharing expertise through videoconferencing, Innovate [Internet], vol. 2, no. 1. available from: http://innovateonline.info/index.php, (Accessed: 6 December 2005)

Q5) How do I reference a copy of an article from a printed journal which I accessed online as a PDF file?

Format: Author, Year, Title of article, Title of journal (electronic version), vol., no., pp..

(top)

Example:

Czerny, A., 2006, Government's workplace health plan 'lack cohesion', People Management (Electronic version), vol. 12., no. 1, p. 10.

 

Other Electronic Resources

(top)

These examples illustrate the principles of referencing items that may not have the permanence of printed materials.  Date of publication (if available), the date you last accessed the material or the edition number, the web address or details of any other electronic medium sufficient for a reader to obtain a copy, can all be important.  So if referencing something in a non-paper-based medium, ask yourself if you have supplied sufficient information for someone else to retrieve it online or in database format.

The item you are referencing must have been published and/or archived in some way, and be available.  This is rare for personal emails, which therefore should not be given a reference, but only cited within the text, because they cannot be retrieved from a permanent archive or published source.

Unpublished conference papers, personal letters, unrecorded broadcasts etc fall into the same category, and should not appear in the References section, but should be given a full citation in-text.

For example:

Karwowsky W., ed., 2001, International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics& Human Factors (CD-ROM). London: Taylor & Francis.

An access date is not needed as this CDROM is the first edition, dated 2001.

Academy of Marketing, 2000, AM2000 Proceedings (CD-ROM), University of Derby, 5-7 July, 2000. Norwich: Niche Publications UK.

There is no named editor for these proceedings, so the conference organisation, The Academy of Marketing, is quoted as the author.

Rose, M., ed., 1998, The Norton Shakespeare Workshop (CD-ROM). W.W.Norton Electronic Media.

Again, this is a CD that is not regularly updated like some CD-ROM databases, so a date of access is not necessary.  However, as with books, if it is not the first edition, you should add the number of the edition eg (CD-ROM, second edition).

(top)